Bubble Tray: Create giant bubbles


Overview
Bubbles are fascinating. What gives them their shape? What makes them break or last? What causes the colors and patterns in the soap film, and why do they change?

Equipment

Safety

Procedure of experiment
  1. Mix up a bubble solution of 2/3 cup (160 ml) dishwashing liquid and 1 tablespoon (15 ml) glycerine in 4 l of water. We have found that more durable bubbles form if you let this solution age for at least a day, preferably for a week.
  2. Bend the coat hanger into a flat hoop with the hook sticking up at an angle to serve as a handle. Bubbles will form more consistently when the hoop is as circular as possible. If you wrap yarn tightly around the wire of the hoop, the yarn will absorb the bubble solution, which will make the hoop easier to use.
  3. Fill the shallow tray with bubble solution and submerge the hoop in the solution.
  4. Tilt the hoop toward you until it is almost vertical, and lift it from the tray. You should have a bubble film extending across the hoop.
  5. Swing the hoop through the air to make a giant bubble. When you have a big bubble, twist the hoop to seal it off at the end.
  6. What shapes do the bubbles take once they are free of the hoop? What roles do convection and air currents play in the bubble's movement? Look for patterns and colors in the bubbles. Dip the hoop in the solution and hold it up to the light without forming a bubble. What patterns (and changes in patterns) do you observe?

Explanation
The strong mutual attraction of water molecules for each other is known as surface tension. Normally, surface tension makes it impossible to stretch the water out to make a thin film. Soap reduces the surface tension and allows a film to form.
Because of surface tension, a soap film always pulls in as tightly as it can, just like a stretched balloon. A soap film makes the smallest possible surface area for the volume it contains. If the bubble is floating in the air and makes no contact with other objects, it will form a sphere, because a sphere is the shape that has the smallest surface area compared to its volume. Wind or vibration may distort the sphere.
The patterns of different colours in a soap bubble are caused by interference. Light waves reflected from the inner and outer surfaces of the soap film interfere with each other constructively or destructively, depending on the thickness of the bubble and the wavelength (that is, the colour) of the light. For example, if the soap film is thick enough to cause waves of red light to interfere destructively with each other, the red light is eliminated, leaving only blue and green to reach your eyes.

Additional Information
You can make other devices to create large bubbles. One of the easiest is a length of string (or, still better, fuzzy yarn) threaded through two drinking straws, with the ends tied to make a loop any size you want. Not only will this device make large bubbles, but you can twist the straws to make film surfaces with different shapes.
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